Document Type

Article

Source of Publication

Sensors (Switzerland)

Publication Date

8-1-2020

Abstract

© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Nowadays, there is a growing trend in smart cities. Therefore, Terrestrial and Internet of Things (IoT) enabled Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (TWSNs and IoT-UWSNs) are mostly used for observing and communicating via smart technologies. For the sake of collecting the desired information from the underwater environment, multiple acoustic sensors are deployed with limited resources, such as memory, battery, processing power, transmission range, etc. The replacement of resources for a particular node is not feasible due to the harsh underwater environment. Thus, the resources held by the node needs to be used efficiently to improve the lifetime of a network. In this paper, to support smart city vision, a terrestrial based “Away Cluster Head with Adaptive Clustering Habit” (ACH)2 is examined in the specified three dimensional (3-D) region inside the water. Three different cases are considered, which are: single sink at the water surface, multiple sinks at water surface„ and sinks at both water surface and inside water. “Underwater (ACH)2 ” (U-(ACH)2) is evaluated in each case. We have used depth in our proposed U-(ACH)2 to examine the performance of (ACH)2 in the ocean environment. Moreover, a comparative analysis is performed with state of the art routing protocols, including: Depth-based Routing (DBR) and Energy Efficient Depth-based Routing (EEDBR) protocol. Among all of the scenarios followed by case 1 and case 3, the number of packets sent and received at sink node are maximum using DEEC-(ACH)2 protocol. The packets drop ratio using TEEN-(ACH)2 protocol is less when compared to other algorithms in all scenarios. Whereas, for dead nodes DEEC-(ACH)2, LEACH-(ACH)2, and SEP-(ACH)2 protocols’ performance is different for every considered scenario. The simulation results shows that the proposed protocols outperform the existing ones.

ISSN

1424-8220

Publisher

MDPI AG

Volume

20

Issue

15

First Page

1

Last Page

29

Disciplines

Computer Sciences

Keywords

Acoustic signals, Clustering, IoT, Nodes, Routing protocols, Smart cities, Underwater, Wireless sensor networks

Scopus ID

85088581203

Creative Commons License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Indexed in Scopus

yes

Open Access

yes

Open Access Type

Gold: This publication is openly available in an open access journal/series

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