Document Type

Article

Source of Publication

Scientific Reports

Publication Date

12-1-2025

Abstract

This study proposes a dual-branch framework for precise classification of breast tumor cellularity via histopathological images where it integrates two distinct branches: the Embedding Extraction Branch (embedding-driven) and the Vision Classification Branch (vision-based). The Embedding Extraction Branch uses the Virchow2 transformation to generate dense, structured embeddings, whereas the Vision Classification Branch employs Nomic AI Embedded Vision v1.5 to process image patches and produce classification logits. Both branches’ outputs are combined to form the final classification. The framework also suggests Knowledge Block with fully connected layers, batch normalization, and dropout to improve feature extraction and reduce overfitting. The proposed approach reports high performance metrics, with an accuracy of, specificity of, and sensitivity, precision, and F1 score of. Also, ablation studies show the mandatory role of the embedding extraction branch; as its removal drastically reduces accuracy to. Furthermore, the Vision Classification Branch contributes significantly and its removal aims to a smaller decrease in the accuracy performance (). Additionally, data augmentation improves model performance and its exclusion results in a notable decline in accuracy performance (). The approach’s robustness is validated through statistical analysis that reports low variance and high consistency across multiple performance metrics.

ISSN

2045-2322

Publisher

Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Volume

15

Issue

1

Disciplines

Computer Sciences | Medicine and Health Sciences

Keywords

Breast cancer (BC), Deep learning (DL), Embeddings, Histopathological analysis, Transformers, Tumor cellularity classification

Scopus ID

105022522730

Indexed in Scopus

yes

Open Access

yes

Open Access Type

Gold: This publication is openly available in an open access journal/series

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